Strengthen Your Nahw

بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ

A complete, step-by-step course in Classical Arabic Grammar — from foundations to advanced parsing. Every lesson builds on the last, with interactive exercises and full Tarkeeb practice.

Lessons

Chapters

Tarkeeb Sentences

200+

Exercises

Foundations of Nahw

What is grammar? Word types, sentences, signs & pronouns.

9 sections

Declinability & Iʿrāb

Mabnī & Muʿrab, signs of iʿrāb, pronouns & adverbs.

11 sections

Further Isms

Definite & indefinite, gender, number, subject & predicate.

4 sections

Governing Words

ʿĀmil, naṣb, jazm, derived nouns & conditional structures.

12 sections

Tarkeeb Practice

41 real sentences — parse, label (Arabic only), translate.

2 practice sets

How to Use This Course

Work through chapters in order. Each section has theory, examples, and interactive exercises. Your progress is tracked automatically in the header bar. The Tarkeeb (parsing) practice sets at the end apply everything you have learned — treat them like exam preparation. Labels must always be in Arabic.

Chapter 1 · Section 1.1

What is Nahw?

اَلنَّحْو

Definition

Nahw (النَّحْو) is the science that teaches us how to join a noun, verb, or particle to form a correct sentence — and what the condition (iʿrāb) of the last letter of each word should be.

Subject Matter

Its subject matter is the كَلِمَة (single word) and the كَلَام (sentence / meaningful speech).

Three-Level Objective

قَرِيب

Immediate Goal

To read, write and speak Arabic correctly without error.

مُتَوَسِّط

Mid-term Goal

To understand the Qurʾān, Ḥadīth and works of Fiqh.

بَعِيد

Ultimate Goal

To attain the pleasure of Allāh Most High through His Book.

Remember: Learning Nahw is not merely an academic exercise — it is a tool for accessing divine revelation. Every rule you master brings you closer to understanding the Qurʾān as it was revealed.

Exercises

Section 1.1 — Check your understanding

Q1. The Arabic term for the science of Arabic Grammar is:

Q2. Nahw is concerned with two things. What are they?

Q3. Arrange the three objectives of Nahw in order (drag to match):

Drag from here:

Gain pleasure of Allāh

Read & speak Arabic correctly

Understand Qurʾān & Ḥadīth

Drop in order:

1. Immediate →

2. Mid-term →

3. Ultimate →

Chapter 1 · Section 1.2

The Three Word Types

أَنْوَاعُ الْكَلِمَة

Every Arabic word meaningfully uttered by a human is called a لَفْظ مَوْضُوع. All such words fall into exactly three types:

اِسْم

Ism — Noun

Name of a person, place, or thing. Has no tense.

فِعْل

Fiʿl — Verb

Denotes an action. Has a tense (past, present, command).

حَرْف

Ḥarf — Particle

Has meaning only when joined to an ism or fiʿl.

Examples of Each Type

Ism (Noun) — Examples

رَجُلa man

اَلْبَيْتthe house

كِتَابa book

Fiʿl (Verb) — Examples

ضَرَبَHe hit (past)

يَضْرِبُHe is hitting / will hit (present/future)

اِضْرِبْHit! (command)

Ḥarf (Particle) — Examples

مِنْfrom

عَلَىupon / on top of

وَand

Key Rule: A Ḥarf has no independent meaning by itself — it only functions when connected to an ism or fiʿl. This is why particles like وَ (and), مِنْ (from), and إِلَى (to) cannot stand alone.

Exercises

Section 1.2 — Identify the word type

Q1. Identify: بِنْت

Q2. Identify: كَسَرَ

Q3. Which of the following is a Ḥarf?

Q4. Which of the following is a Fiʿl?

Q5. Which of the following is an Ism?

Q6. Which of the following is a Ḥarf?

Q7. Which of the following is a Fiʿl?

Q8. Which of the following is an Ism?

Q4. Match each word to its type:

Words:

بِنْت (girl)

كَسَرَ (broke)

إِلَى (to)

Types:

Ism (Noun)

Fiʿl (Verb)

Ḥarf (Particle)

Chapter 1 · Section 1.3

Types of Ism, Fiʿl & Ḥarf

أَقْسَام كُلٍّ مِنَ الثَّلَاثَة

Types of Ism

Type	Arabic	Meaning	Example
Proper Noun	مُعَرَّب	A named individual	زَيْد، مَكَّة
Common Noun	نَكِرَة	Any unspecified noun	رَجُل، كِتَاب
Definite Noun	مَعْرِفَة	A specific / known noun	اَلرَّجُل، الْكِتَاب
Pronoun	ضَمِير	Replaces a noun	هُوَ، هِيَ، أَنَا
Verbal Noun (Maṣdar)	مَصْدَر	The root meaning of a verb	ضَرْب (hitting)

Types of Fiʿl

Type	Arabic	Sign	Example	Translation
Past Tense	مَاضِي	accepts تَ of speaker	ضَرَبَ	He hit
Present/Future	مُضَارِع	begins with أ ن ي ت	يَضْرِبُ	He hits / will hit
Command	أَمْر	accepts نُون of emphasis	اِضْرِبْ	Hit!

Types of Ḥarf

Type	Arabic	Examples	Effect
Prepositions	حُرُوفُ الْجَرِّ	مِنْ، إِلَى، فِي	Give kasrah to the ism after them
Coordinators	حُرُوفُ الْعَطْف	وَ، فَ، أَوْ	Join words or sentences
Nasb Particles	حُرُوفُ النَّصْب	أَنْ، لَنْ، كَيْ	Give fatḥah to the muḍāriʿ verb
Jazm Particles	حُرُوفُ الْجَزْم	لَمْ، لَا، إِنْ	Give sukūn to the muḍāriʿ verb

Summary: Isms are classified by definiteness, number, and gender. Fiʿls are classified by tense. Ḥurūf are classified by their grammatical effect on what follows them.

Exercises

Q1. The three types of Fiʿl (verb) are:

Q2. A particle that gives kasrah to the ism after it is called a:

Q3. The word يَذْهَبُ (he goes) is which type of verb?

Q4. The word يَعْلَمُ (he knows) is which type of verb?

Q5. The word اِقْرَأْ (read!) is which type of verb?

Q6. The word خَلَقَ (he created) is which type of verb?

Q7. The word تَعْبُدُونَ (you worship) is which type of verb?

Q8. The word اسْجُدْ (prostrate!) is which type of verb?

Chapter 1 · Section 1.4

Sentences & Phrases

اَلْجُمْلَة وَالتَّرْكِيب

كَلَام — A Meaningful Sentence

A كَلَام (sentence) is a combination of words that gives a complete, useful meaning. It is always either a Jumlah Fiʿliyyah (verbal sentence) or a Jumlah Ismiyyah (nominal sentence).

Jumlah Ismiyyah — Nominal Sentence

Begins with an ism. Contains two parts:

اَللهُ عَزِيزٌ

اَللهُ

مُبْتَدَأ (Subject)

عَزِيزٌ

خَبَر (Predicate)

Allāh is the All-Mighty.

Jumlah Fiʿliyyah — Verbal Sentence

Begins with a verb. Contains: Fiʿl (verb) + Fāʿil (subject) + optionally Mafʿūl (object):

جَعَلَ اللهُ الْكَعْبَةَ

جَعَلَ

فِعْل

اللهُ

فَاعِل (marfūʿ)

الْكَعْبَةَ

مَفْعُول بِهِ (manṣūb)

Allāh has made the Kaʿbah.

Phrases (Murakkab)

Phrase Type	Arabic	Description	Example
Descriptive	مُرَكَّب وَصْفِي	Noun + its adjective	اَلرَّجُلُ الْكَرِيمُ
Possessive	مُرَكَّب إِضَافِي	Noun + its possessor (muḍāf + muḍāf ilayh)	كِتَابُ الطَّالِبِ
Propositional	مُرَكَّب ظَرْفِي	Noun + a Jār wa-Majrūr	زَيْدٌ فِي الْبَيْتِ

Key Point: A phrase (murakkab) does not give a complete meaning by itself — it needs to be embedded in a sentence to make sense.

Exercises

Q1. What are the two parts of a Jumlah Ismiyyah?

Q2. Which sentence type is: ذَهَبَ الطَّالِبُ إِلَى الْمَدْرَسَةِ?

Q3. In كِتَابُ الطَّالِبِ, the phrase type is:

Q4. In الرَّجُلُ الصَّالِحُ, the phrase type is:

Q5. In فَوْقَ الْمَائِدَةِ, the phrase type is:

Q6. In بَيْتُ اللَّهِ, the phrase type is:

Q7. In الصِّرَاطُ الْمُسْتَقِيمُ, the phrase type is:

Q8. In تَحْتَ الشَّجَرَةِ, the phrase type is:

Chapter 1 · Section 1.5

Signs of Word Types

عَلَامَاتُ الْكَلِمَة

Since the three word types are not always obvious, the scholars have given us signs (علامات) to help identify each type:

Signs of an Ism

Sign	Arabic	Example
Accepts tanwīn (nunation)	التَّنْوِين	رَجُلٌ، كِتَابًا، بَيْتٍ
Accepts the definite article اَل	أَل التَّعْرِيف	اَلرَّجُل، اَلْكِتَاب
Follows a preposition	دُخُولُ حَرْف الْجَرّ	فِي الْبَيْتِ، مِنَ الْمَسْجِدِ
Acts as Mubtadaʾ or Fāʿil	اَلْإِسْنَاد	زَيْدٌ قَائِمٌ

Signs of a Fiʿl

Sign	For which type?	Example
Accepts قَدْ	Past or Present	قَدْ ذَهَبَ / قَدْ يَذْهَبُ
Accepts تَ (of speaker or listener)	Past tense only	ذَهَبْتُ / ذَهَبْتَ
Begins with one of أَ نَ يَ تَ	Muḍāriʿ	أَذْهَبُ، نَذْهَبُ، يَذْهَبُ
Accepts نُون of emphasis	Muḍāriʿ or Amr	اِذْهَبَنَّ، يَذْهَبَنَّ
Accepts yāʾ (of feminine)	Amr	اِذْهَبِي (for a female)

The Ḥarf Has No Signs

Rule

The Ḥarf does not accept any of the signs of an ism or fiʿl. Its identification is therefore by elimination — if a word cannot accept any ism signs or fiʿl signs, it is a ḥarf.

Mnemonic: For the muḍāriʿ, remember the letters أَنَيْتُ (I came) — the same four letters that begin a muḍāriʿ verb.

Exercises

Q1. How can you tell that الْمَسْجِد is an Ism?

Q2. The muḍāriʿ verb always begins with one of these four letters:

Q3. Which of the following is a sign of a Muḍāriʿ verb?

Q4. Which sign is specific to a Māḍī (past tense) verb?

Q5. Which of the following can accept نون التوكيد (the nūn of emphasis)?

Q6. The word اِذْهَبِي (Go! — to a female) contains which sign of an Amr verb?

Q7. Which particle can enter upon a Fiʿl and is considered one of its signs?

Q3. A word that does not accept any signs of an ism or a fiʿl must be a:

Chapter 1 · Section 1.6

Personal Pronouns — Full Tables

اَلضَّمَائِر

Definition

Pronouns (ضَمَائِر) are words used in place of names. They refer to the speaker (مُتَكَلِّم), the one addressed (مُخَاطَب), or the absent person (غَائِب). All pronouns are Mabnī (their ending does not change).

Unattached (Detached) Pronouns — مَنْفَصِل

Person	Arabic	Meaning
3rd M. Sg. (Ghāʾib)	هُوَ	He / It
3rd M. Dual	هُمَا	They two (m.)
3rd M. Pl.	هُمْ	They (m.)
3rd F. Sg.	هِيَ	She / It
3rd F. Dual	هُمَا	They two (f.)
3rd F. Pl.	هُنَّ	They (f.)
2nd M. Sg. (Mukhāṭab)	أَنْتَ	You (m. sg.)
2nd M. Dual	أَنْتُمَا	You two (m.)
2nd M. Pl.	أَنْتُمْ	You (m. pl.)
2nd F. Sg.	أَنْتِ	You (f. sg.)
2nd F. Dual	أَنْتُمَا	You two (f.)
2nd F. Pl.	أَنْتُنَّ	You (f. pl.)
1st Sg. (Mutakallim)	أَنَا	I
1st Pl.	نَحْنُ	We

Attached Pronouns (مُتَّصِل) in Rafʿ

These attach to the end of a verb and serve as its Fāʿil. Example: the وا in ضَرَبُوا (they hit), the تَ in ضَرَبْتَ (you hit).

Attached Pronouns in Naṣb & Jarr

Pronoun	Attached form	Example	Meaning
Me / My	ـِي / ـنِي	خَلَقَنِي	He created me
Him / His	ـهُ	رَأَيْتُهُ	I saw him
Her / Her	ـهَا	رَأَيْتُهَا	I saw her
Us / Our	ـنَا	خَلَقَنَا	He created us
You (m. sg.) / Your	ـكَ	رَأَيْتُكَ	I saw you
Them (m. pl.) / Their	ـهُمْ	رَأَيْتُهُمْ	I saw them

Mustatir (Hidden) Pronoun: Sometimes the subject pronoun is hidden inside the verb itself. In اِضْرِبْ (Hit!), the subject "you" is not written but is understood — this is called ضَمِير مُسْتَتِر.

Exercises

Q1. What is the 1st person plural pronoun?

Q2. What is the 1st person singular pronoun?

Q3. What is the 2nd person masculine singular pronoun?

Q4. What is the 2nd person feminine singular pronoun?

Q5. What is the 3rd person masculine singular pronoun?

Q6. What is the 3rd person feminine singular pronoun?

Q7. What is the 3rd person masculine plural pronoun?

Q8. What is the 2nd person masculine plural pronoun?

Q2. In إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ (You alone we worship), إِيَّاكَ is in which grammatical position?

Q3. Match each pronoun to its meaning:

Pronouns:

أَنَا

هُنَّ

أَنْتُمْ

Meanings:

1st person sg.

3rd f. plural

2nd m. plural

Chapter 1 · Section 1.7

Prepositions — Ḥurūf al-Jarr

حُرُوفُ الْجَرِّ

Effect

Every ḥarf jarr gives a kasrah (jarr) to the ism after it. That ism is then called مَجْرُور. Together the ḥarf + majrūr form a Jār wa-Majrūr (prepositional phrase), which attaches to the verb or acts as khabar.

Particle	Meaning	Example	Translation
بِ	with, by	كَتَبْتُ بِالْقَلَمِ	I wrote with the pen.
كَ	like, as	زَيْدٌ كَالْأَسَدِ	Zayd is like a lion.
لِ	for, belonging to	اَلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ	All praise is for Allāh.
مِنْ	from	رَجَعْتُ مِنَ السَّفَرِ	I returned from the journey.
إِلَى	to, towards	سَافَرْتُ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ	I travelled to Madinah.
فِي	in, inside	زَيْدٌ فِي الْبَيْتِ	Zayd is in the house.
عَنْ	about, away from	سَأَلَ عَنِ الْمَرِيضِ	He asked about the patient.
عَلَى	on, upon	اَلثَّوْبُ عَلَى الْكُرْسِيِّ	The cloth is on the chair.
حَتَّى	until, up to	نِمْتُ حَتَّى الصُّبْحِ	I slept till dawn.
مُنْذُ / مُذْ	since, for	مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُنْذُ أُسْبُوعٍ	I have not seen him for a week.
خَلَا / حَاشَا / عَدَا	except, besides	جَاءَ النَّاسُ حَاشَا زَيْدٍ	The people came except Zayd.
مَعَ	with, together with	اَللهُ مَعَ الصَّابِرِينَ	Allāh is with the patient.

Muta'alliq: The Jār wa-Majrūr is called muta'alliq (connected) — it always connects to a fiʿl or a khabar. It cannot float alone in a sentence without something to connect to.

Exercises

Q1. Which particle means "about" or "away from"?

Q2. Which particle means "to" or "towards"?

Q3. Which particle means "with" or "together with"?

Q4. Which particle means "in" or "inside"?

Q5. Which particle means "from"?

Q6. Which particle means "on" or "upon"?

Q7. Which particle means "for" or "belonging to"?

Q8. Which particle means "like" or "as"?

Q9. In اَلْكِتَابُ عَلَى الْمَنْضَدَةِ, the phrase عَلَى الْمَنْضَدَةِ plays what role?

Q10. Identify the preposition in: مَرَرْتُ بِهَذَا

Chapter 1 · Section 1.8

Particles Resembling a Fiʿl — إِنَّ & Sisters

الْحُرُوفُ الْمُشَبَّهَةُ بِالْفِعْل

Why "resembling a fiʿl"?

Like transitive fiʿls, these particles govern two words. But they reverse the iʿrāb: the Mubtadaʾ becomes manṣūb (called اِسْمُ إِنَّ) and the Khabar remains marfūʿ (called خَبَرُ إِنَّ).

Particle	Meaning	Example	Translation
إِنَّ	certainly, verily, indeed	إِنَّ اللهَ عَلِيمٌ	Verily, Allāh is All-Knowing.
أَنَّ	that (mid-sentence)	أَعْلَمُ أَنَّ الِامْتِحَانَ قَرِيبٌ	I know that the exam is near.
كَأَنَّ	as if	كَأَنَّ الْبَيْتَ جَدِيدٌ	It is as if the house is new.
لَكِنَّ	but, however	الْبَيْتُ جَدِيدٌ لَكِنَّ الْأَثَاثَ قَدِيمٌ	The house is new but the furniture is old.
لَيْتَ	if only, I wish	لَيْتَ الشَّبَابَ يَعُودُ	I wish youth would return.
لَعَلَّ	maybe, hopefully	لَعَلَّ الِامْتِحَانَ سَهْلٌ	Hopefully the exam will be easy.

إِنَّ اللهَ عَلِيمٌ

إِنَّ

حَرْف مُشَبَّه

اللهَ

اسم إِنَّ — manṣūb

عَلِيمٌ

خَبَر إِنَّ — marfūʿ

Verily, Allāh is All-Knowing.

مَا الْكَافَّة: When مَا is attached to any of these particles (e.g. إِنَّمَا), it cancels their naṣb effect. إِنَّمَا now means "only/nothing but" and what follows is in its natural state.

إِنَّ vs أَنَّ: Use إِنَّ at the start of a sentence. Use أَنَّ in the middle of a sentence (after verbs of knowing, saying, or thinking).

Exercises

Q1. In إِنَّ اللهَ عَلِيمٌ, why does اللهَ have a fatḥah?

Q2. لَيْتَ الشَّبَابَ يَعُودُ — what feeling does لَيْتَ express?

Q3. إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ — what meaning does إِنَّ add?

Q4. أَعْلَمُ أَنَّ الامْتِحَانَ قَرِيبٌ — what meaning does أَنَّ express?

Q5. كَأَنَّ الْبَيْتَ جَدِيدٌ — what meaning does كَأَنَّ express?

Q6. الْبَيْتُ جَدِيدٌ لَكِنَّ الْأَثَاثَ قَدِيمٌ — what meaning does لَكِنَّ express?

Q7. لَعَلَّ الامْتِحَانَ سَهْلٌ — what meaning does لَعَلَّ express?

Q8. Which of the following particles expresses a wish or longing?

Q3. What effect does مَا الْكَافَّة have when added to إِنَّ?

Chapter 1 · Section 1.9

Auxiliary (Defective) Fiʿls — كَانَ & Sisters

اَلْأَفْعَالُ النَّاقِصَة

Why "nāqiṣ" (defective)?

These fiʿls need two maʿmūls (governed words) — one is not enough. They enter upon a Mubtadaʾ and Khabar. They give rafʿ to the Mubtadaʾ (= اِسْمُ كَانَ) and naṣb to the Khabar (= خَبَرُ كَانَ).

Fiʿl	Meaning	Example	Translation
كَانَ	was	كَانَ الْبَيْتُ نَظِيفًا	The house was clean.
صَارَ	became	صَارَ الرَّجُلُ غَنِيًّا	The man became wealthy.
أَصْبَحَ	became in the morning	أَصْبَحَ زَيْدٌ مَرِيضًا	Zayd became ill in the morning.
أَمْسَى	became in the evening	أَمْسَى الْعَامِلُ مُتْعَبًا	The worker became tired in the evening.
ظَلَّ	remained during the day	ظَلَّ الْمَطَرُ نَازِلًا	It rained all day.
بَاتَ	spent the night	بَاتَ زَيْدٌ نَائِمًا	Zayd spent the night sleeping.
لَيْسَ	is not	لَيْسَ الْخَادِمُ قَوِيًّا	The servant is not strong.
مَا دَامَ	as long as	اِجْلِسْ مَا دَامَ زَيْدٌ جَالِسًا	Sit as long as Zayd is sitting.

كَانَ الْبَيْتُ نَظِيفًا

كَانَ

فِعْل نَاقِص

الْبَيْتُ

اسم كَانَ — marfūʿ

نَظِيفًا

خَبَر كَانَ — manṣūb

The house was clean.

Important notes: (1) كَانَ with a muḍāriʿ as khabar = past continuous: كَانَ زَيْدٌ يَكْتُبُ = Zayd was writing. (2) لَيْسَ and مَا دَامَ exist only in past tense — no muḍāriʿ form. (3) The khabar of لَيْسَ may take ب: أَلَيْسَ اللهُ بِأَحْكَمِ الْحَاكِمِينَ

Exercises

Q1. In كَانَ الْبَيْتُ نَظِيفًا, why is نَظِيفًا in the accusative (manṣūb)?

Q2. Which كَانَ-sister expresses negation ("is not")?

Q3. Which كَانَ-sister means "became"?

Q4. Which كَانَ-sister means "became in the morning"?

Q5. Which كَانَ-sister means "became in the evening"?

Q6. Which كَانَ-sister means "remained during the day"?

Q7. Which كَانَ-sister means "spent the night"?

Q8. Which كَانَ-sister means "as long as"?

Q9. Which كَانَ-sister simply means "was"?

Q10. What does كَانَ زَيْدٌ يَكْتُبُ mean (with khabar as a muḍāriʿ)?

Chapter 2 · Section 2.1

Mabnī & Muʿrab

اَلْمَبْنِيُّ وَالْمُعْرَب

The Central Division

Every Arabic word is either Mabnī (its ending never changes) or Muʿrab (its ending changes based on its grammatical role). This is the most important distinction in Nahw.

مَبْنِيّ

Mabnī — Indeclinable

Ending is fixed. It never changes regardless of its position in the sentence.

مُعْرَب

Muʿrab — Declinable

Ending changes according to grammatical role (subject = ḍammah, object = fatḥah, etc.).

What is Mabnī?

All Ḥurūf are mabnī. Most Fiʿls are mabnī (past tense and command are always mabnī). A small set of isms are mabnī — these include pronouns, demonstratives, relative pronouns, and question words.

What is Muʿrab?

All standard isms are muʿrab. The muḍāriʿ (present-future) verb is also muʿrab — its ending changes when affected by nasb and jazm particles.

Category	Mabnī?	Muʿrab?	Notes
Ḥarf	✓ Always	✗	All particles are mabnī without exception
Fiʿl Māḍī	✓	✗	Past tense always mabnī
Fiʿl Amr	✓	✗	Command always mabnī
Fiʿl Muḍāriʿ	Conditional	Conditional	Muʿrab by default; mabnī if followed by nūn tawkīd or nūn niswa
Standard Ism	✗	✓	Its ending reflects its grammatical role
Pronouns (ḍamāʾir)	✓	✗	All pronouns are mabnī

Key insight: The iʿrāb (grammatical ending) of a word shows its relationship to other words in the sentence. Mabnī words "opt out" of this system — their form is fixed by convention.

Exercises

Q1. A word whose ending never changes regardless of grammatical position is called:

Q2. Which category of words is ALWAYS mabnī?

Q3. The muḍāriʿ verb is ordinarily muʿrab. When does it become mabnī?

Chapter 2 · Section 2.2

Signs of Iʿrāb

عَلَامَاتُ الْإِعْرَاب

The three grammatical states (rafʿ, naṣb, jarr) each have a set of signs. Some signs are regular (aṣliyyah) and some are substitute (farʿiyyah).

State	Arabic	Regular Sign	Substitute Signs
Nominative (Subject)	رَفْع	ḍammah (ـُ)	wāw (in the five nouns & sound m. pl.), alif (dual)
Accusative (Object)	نَصْب	fatḥah (ـَ)	kasrah (sound f. pl.), yāʾ (dual & five nouns), alif (asmāʾ khamsah)
Genitive (After prep.)	جَرّ	kasrah (ـِ)	yāʾ (dual, sound m. pl., five nouns), fatḥah (diptotes)
Jussive (After jazm)	جَزْم	sukūn (ـْ)	dropping the final nūn (of al-afʿāl al-khamsah)

The Five Noble Nouns (الْأَسْمَاءُ الْخَمْسَة)

Noun	Meaning	Rafʿ	Naṣb	Jarr
أَب	father	أَبُوكَ	أَبَاكَ	أَبِيكَ
أَخ	brother	أَخُوكَ	أَخَاكَ	أَخِيكَ
حَم	father-in-law	حَمُوكَ	حَمَاكَ	حَمِيكَ
فَم	mouth	فُوهُ	فَاهُ	فِيهِ
ذُو	possessor of	ذُو مَالٍ	ذَا مَالٍ	ذِي مَالٍ

Rule for the Five Nouns: Their iʿrāb is shown by long vowels (ḥurūf ʿillah): wāw (و) for rafʿ, alif (ا) for naṣb, yāʾ (ي) for jarr — but only when they are muḍāf (in a possessive construction).

Exercises

Q1. The regular sign of Rafʿ (nominative) is:

Q2. In رَأَيْتُ أَبَاكَ, the word أَبَاكَ is in what state and why?

Q3. The regular sign of Jazm (jussive) for the muḍāriʿ verb is:

Chapter 2 · Section 2.3

Indeclinable Isms

الْأَسْمَاءُ الْمَبْنِيَّة

Overview

Although most isms are muʿrab, certain categories of isms are mabnī — their endings are fixed. These fall into five main groups.

Category	Arabic	Examples	Fixed Ending
Pronouns	ضَمَائِر	هُوَ، أَنَا، نَحْنُ	Fixed
Demonstrative Isms	اِسْم إِشَارَة	هَذَا، هَذِهِ، ذَلِكَ	Fixed
Relative Isms	اِسْم مَوْصُول	اَلَّذِي، اَلَّتِي، الَّذِينَ	Fixed
Question Isms	اِسْم اِسْتِفْهَام	مَنْ، مَا، أَيْنَ	Fixed
Conditional Isms	اِسْم شَرْط	مَنْ، مَا، أَيُّ	Fixed

Demonstrative Isms — Full Table

Number / Gender	Near (here)	Far (there)
M. Singular	هَذَا	ذَلِكَ
F. Singular	هَذِهِ	تِلْكَ
M./F. Dual (rafʿ)	هَذَانِ / هَاتَانِ	ذَانِكَ / تَانِكَ
M. Plural	هَؤُلَاءِ	أُولَئِكَ
F. Plural	هَؤُلَاءِ	أُولَئِكَ

Note: In هَذَا الْكِتَابُ (this book), هَذَا is an ism ishārah followed by its mushār ilayh (pointed-to noun). This is NOT a complete sentence. But هَذَا كِتَابٌ IS a complete sentence (This is a book — كِتَابٌ is the khabar).

Exercises

Q1. Which of the following is NOT a mabnī ism?

Q2. The demonstrative for "those" (masculine/feminine plural, far) is:

Chapter 2 · Section 2.4

Personal Pronouns — Roles

اَلضَّمَائِر وَأَحْوَالُهَا

Pronoun Categories

Pronouns are classified as: Bāriz (apparent, written) — either Munfaṣil (detached) or Muttaṣil (attached); and Mustatir (hidden, implied inside the verb).

Munfaṣil (Detached) Pronouns in Rafʿ

Used as subject in a nominal sentence. E.g. هُوَ كَاتِبٌ — He is a writer.

Munfaṣil (Detached) Pronouns in Naṣb

These are the إِيَّا pronouns, used as objects when a verb's object needs to be emphasised before the verb: إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ — You alone we worship.

Person	Naṣb Pronoun	Meaning
3rd M. sg.	إِيَّاهُ	Him
3rd F. sg.	إِيَّاهَا	Her
3rd M. pl.	إِيَّاهُمْ	Them (m.)
2nd M. sg.	إِيَّاكَ	You (m. sg.)
1st sg.	إِيَّايَ	Me
1st pl.	إِيَّانَا	Us

Mustatir (Hidden) Pronouns

The fiʿl اِضْرِبْ (Hit!) has no visible subject, yet the subject "you (m. sg.)" is understood. This is a ضَمِير مُسْتَتِر. It can be:

Wājib al-istitar (obligatorily hidden): in the command form and some other verbs where no separate subject can appear
Jāʾiz al-istitar (optionally hidden): where either a separate ism or the hidden pronoun is possible

Exercises

Q1. The إِيَّا pronouns are used in which grammatical state?

Q2. In the command verb اِكْتُبْ (Write!), what is the subject?

Chapter 2 · Section 2.4.2

Relative Pronouns

الْأَسْمَاءُ الْمَوْصُولَة

Definition

A relative pronoun connects a noun to a descriptive clause (called the Ṣilah = the relative clause). The Ṣilah must contain a ʿĀʾid (returning pronoun) that refers back to the ism mawṣūl.

Pronoun	Meaning	Used for
اَلَّذِي	Who / Which / That	M. singular
اَلَّتِي	Who / Which / That	F. singular
اَلَّذَانِ / اَلَّذَيْنِ	Who / Which (two)	M. dual (rafʿ / naṣb-jarr)
اَللَّتَانِ / اَللَّتَيْنِ	Who / Which (two)	F. dual
اَلَّذِينَ	Those who / Which	M. plural
اَللَّاتِي / اَللَّوَاتِي	Those who / Which	F. plural
مَنْ	Who (indefinite)	For rational beings
مَا	What / That which	For non-rational things

Example with ʿĀʾid

اَلرَّجُلُ الَّذِي جَاءَThe man who came

الَّذِي = relative pronoun | جَاءَ = ṣilah | the hidden pronoun in جَاءَ referring to الرَّجُل = ʿāʾid

Rule: The ʿĀʾid (returning pronoun) in the ṣilah is obligatory. Without it, the relative clause is incomplete. In the example above, the ʿāʾid is the hidden "he" inside جَاءَ.

Exercises

Q1. Which relative pronoun is used for a masculine plural rational being?

Q2. Which relative pronoun is used for a masculine singular rational being?

Q3. Which relative pronoun is used for a feminine singular rational being?

Q4. Which demonstrative ism means "this" for a masculine singular noun?

Q5. Which demonstrative ism means "that" for a masculine singular noun?

Q6. Which demonstrative ism means "this" for a feminine singular noun?

Q7. Which demonstrative ism means "that" for a feminine singular noun?

Q8. Which demonstrative ism is used for a nearby plural group?

Q9. Which demonstrative ism is used for a distant plural group?

Q2. In الطَّالِبُ الَّذِي يَدْرُسُ مُجْتَهِدٌ, what is the ʿāʾid (returning pronoun)?

Chapter 2 · Section 2.4.3

Demonstrative Isms — Detailed Study

اِسْمُ الْإِشَارَة

Definition

An Ism Ishārah "points to" something specific. The thing pointed to is called the Mushār Ilayh. The ism ishārah is always mabnī (it does not change its form).

Number/Gender	Near	Far	Meaning (near/far)
M. Sg.	هَذَا	ذَلِكَ	This / That
F. Sg.	هَذِهِ	تِلْكَ	This / That
M. Dual — Rafʿ	هَذَانِ	ذَانِكَ	These two / Those two
M. Dual — Naṣb/Jarr	هَذَيْنِ	ذَيْنِكَ	These two / Those two
F. Dual — Rafʿ	هَاتَانِ	تَانِكَ	These two / Those two
Both Pl.	هَؤُلَاءِ	أُولَئِكَ	These / Those

Two Different Structures

هَذَا كِتَابٌThis IS a book. (Complete nominal sentence — khabar is nakirah)

هَذَا الْكِتَابُThis book. (Incomplete phrase — ism ishārah + mushār ilayh with اَل)

Exercises

Q1. Which demonstrative is used for the masculine dual in the rafʿ position (near)?

Q2. أُولَئِكَ is used for:

Chapter 2 · Sections 2.4.4–2.4.5

Isms Acting as Fiʿls & Isms of Sound

أَسْمَاءُ الْأَفْعَال وَأَسْمَاءُ الْأَصْوَات

Definition — Isms of Fiʿl

These are isms that carry the meaning of fiʿls but do not accept the signs of a fiʿl (no تَ of past, no قَدْ, etc.). They are Mabnī and govern the word after them.

With the Meaning of a Past Fiʿl

Ism	Equivalent Fiʿl	Meaning
هَيْهَاتَ	بَعُدَ	Far from it! (It is distant)
شَتَّانَ	اِفْتَرَقَ	What a difference!
سَرْعَانَ	أَسْرَعَ	He hastened

With the Meaning of an Amr (Command)

Ism	Equivalent Fiʿl	Meaning	Example
رُوَيْدَ	أَمْهِلْ	Give respite! Slowly!	رُوَيْدَ زَيْدًا
دُونَكَ	خُذْ	Take!	دُونَكَ الْحَلِيبَ
عَلَيْكَ	اِلْزَمْ	Hold on to! It is upon you	عَلَيْكَ سُنَّتِي
حَيَّ / هَيَّا	أَقْبِلْ	Come! Hasten!	حَيَّ عَلَى الصَّلَاةِ
صَهْ	اُسْكُتْ	Silence! Be quiet!	صَهْ

Isms of Sound (أَسْمَاءُ الْأَصْوَات)

Definition

Words that denote specific sounds. They are always Mabnī.

Ism	Sound Denoted
أُفٍّ	Pain, disgust
مَهْ	Stop it!
غَاقٍ	Cawing of a crow

Exercises

Q1. حَيَّ عَلَى الصَّلَاةِ — what does حَيَّ mean?

Q2. هَيْهَاتَ carries the meaning of which verb?

Chapter 2 · Section 2.4.6

Adverbs — Ẓurūf

الظُّرُوف

Definition

A Ẓarf (adverb) is an ism that indicates time or place and is always in the naṣb state due to an understood preposition (فِي). It always connects (muta'alliq) to a verb or something functioning as a verb.

ظَرْف زَمَان

Time Adverb

Answers "When?" — يَوْمَ، لَيْلَةَ، الْآنَ، غَدًا

ظَرْف مَكَان

Place Adverb

Answers "Where?" — فَوْقَ، تَحْتَ، أَمَامَ، وَرَاءَ

Type	Ẓarf	Meaning	Example	Translation
Time	يَوْمَ	On the day	جِئْتُ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ	I came on Friday.
Time	لَيْلَةَ	On the night of	وُلِدَ لَيْلَةَ الْقَدْرِ	He was born on Laylat al-Qadr.
Time	غَدًا	Tomorrow	سَأَذْهَبُ غَدًا	I will go tomorrow.
Place	فَوْقَ	Above	الطَّائِرُ فَوْقَ الشَّجَرَةِ	The bird is above the tree.
Place	تَحْتَ	Below, under	الْكِتَابُ تَحْتَ الْمِنْضَدَةِ	The book is under the desk.
Place	عِنْدَ	At / with (near)	اَلْمَالُ عِنْدَ زَيْدٍ	The money is with Zayd.
Place	أَمَامَ	In front of	الطَّالِبُ أَمَامَ الْبَاب	The student is in front of the door.

Ẓarf vs Jār wa-Majrūr: Both serve as adverbials. A ẓarf is an ism in naṣb. A jār wa-majrūr is a particle + ism in jarr. Both are muta'alliq (connected to the verb or khabar). In some cases they overlap: فِي الْبَيْتِ and دَاخِلَ الْبَيْتِ have similar meanings.

Exercises

Q1. A ẓarf makan answers which question?

Q2. In جَلَسْتُ أَمَامَ الْبَابِ, the word أَمَامَ is:

Chapter 2 · Sections 2.4.7–2.4.8

Kinayāt & Numerical Phrases

اَلْكِنَايَات وَالْمُرَكَّبُ الْعَدَدِيّ

Kinayāt — Vague Quantity Isms

Kinayāt are isms that refer vaguely to quantity or attributes without naming them explicitly. They function as mabnī isms and govern the ism after them in jarr.

Kinayah	Meaning	Example
كَمْ	How many? / Many (interrogative or declarative)	كَمْ كِتَابٍ قَرَأْتَ؟
كَذَا	Such-and-such (a number)	أَعْطَانِي كَذَا دِرْهَمًا
كَيْتَ	Such-and-such (a matter)	حَدَثَ كَيْتَ وَكَيْتَ

كَمْ Interrogative vs Declarative

Type	Meaning	After كَمْ	Example
Interrogative (اِسْتِفْهَامِيَّة)	How many?	Singular nakirah in naṣb	كَمْ كِتَابًا قَرَأْتَ؟
Declarative (خَبَرِيَّة)	How many! / Many a…	Singular nakirah in jarr	كَمْ كِتَابٍ قَرَأْتُ!

Numbers (مُرَكَّب عَدَدِي): Numbers 11–99 are mabnī on fatḥah. Their tamyīz (specification) is singular manṣūb. E.g. عِشْرُونَ رَجُلًا (twenty men). Numbers 3–10 take a singular tamyīz in jarr. Numbers 100+ take a singular tamyīz in jarr.

Exercises

Q1. In the interrogative كَمْ (how many?), what case is the ism after it?

Q2. What does كَذَا وَكَذَا generally mean?

Q3. In the sentence عِنْدِي كَذَا كِتَابًا, the word after كَذَا is:

Q4. Which expression is used when the speaker intentionally leaves the number unspecified?

Q5. In Arabic grammar, كَذَا is commonly used to indicate:

Q6. Which statement about كَذَا is correct?

Chapter 2 · Section 2.5

Munsarif & Ghayr Munsarif

الْمُنْصَرِف وَغَيْرُ الْمُنْصَرِف

Overview

Most isms take tanwīn and are called Munsarif (fully declinable). Some isms are Ghayr Munsarif (diptotes) — they do not accept tanwīn and are given fatḥah instead of kasrah in the jarr state.

Causes of Ghayr Munsarif (Two Causes = Ghayr Munsarif)

Cause	Arabic	Examples
Feminine form (tāʾ marbūṭah or alif)	التَّأْنِيث	فَاطِمَة، حَمْرَاء
Non-Arabic origin	الْعَجَمَة	إِبْرَاهِيم، يُوسُف
End in alif of ta'nīth maqṣūrah/mamdūdah	أَلِف التَّأْنِيث	حُبْلَى، صَحْرَاء
Compound names	التَّرْكِيب	بَعْلَبَكّ
Pattern of فَعْلَان	وَزْن فَعْلَان	عَطْشَان، غَضْبَان
Pattern of أَفْعَل	وَزْن أَفْعَل	أَحْمَر، أَكْبَر
Plural on pattern مَفَاعِل / مَفَاعِيل	صِيغَة مُنْتَهَى الْجُمُوع	مَسَاجِد، مَصَابِيح
Additional letters on proper noun	الزِّيَادَة	عُمَر (with extra alif)
Proper noun with waẓīfah	الْوَصْفِيَّة	أَحْمَد (when used as a name)

Key Difference in Usage

ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى مَسَاجِدَI went to mosques (no tanwīn; fatḥah not kasrah for jarr)

ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى الْمَسَاجِدِI went to the mosques (with اَل — ghayr munsarif becomes munsarif!)

Important Rule: A ghayr munsarif word regains tanwīn and takes kasrah when it is made definite with اَل or when it is a muḍāf (in a possessive construction).

Exercises

Q1. The word مَسَاجِد is ghayr munsarif because of which cause?

Q2. The word إِبْرَاهِيم is ghayr munsarif because of which cause?

Q3. The word أَحْمَر is ghayr munsarif because of which cause?

Q4. The word عُثْمَان is ghayr munsarif because of which cause?

Q5. The word عَطْشَان is ghayr munsarif because of which cause?

Q6. The word حَمْرَاء is ghayr munsarif because of which cause?

Q7. The word بَعْلَبَكّ is ghayr munsarif because of which cause?

Q8. The word فَاطِمَة is ghayr munsarif because of which cause?

Q2. When does a ghayr munsarif word regain its tanwīn?

Chapter 2 · Section 2.6

Iʿrāb of Muʿrab Isms

إِعْرَابُ الْأَسْمَاءِ الْمُعْرَبَة

The Three States of a Muʿrab Ism

Every muʿrab ism can appear in three states depending on its grammatical role: Rafʿ (nominative) · Naṣb (accusative) · Jarr (genitive)

State	Role in Sentence	Sign (regular)
Rafʿ	Mubtadaʾ, Khabar, Fāʿil, Nāʾib Fāʿil	Ḍammah ـُ (or wāw/alif for plurals/duals)
Naṣb	Mafʿūl bih, Mafʿūl fīh, Ḥāl, Tamyīz, Munādā nakirah	Fatḥah ـَ (or kasrah for f. sound pl.)
Jarr	After ḥarf jarr, muḍāf ilayh	Kasrah ـِ (or fatḥah for diptotes)

فَتَحَ خَادِمٌ بَابَ الْبَيْتِ

فَتَحَ

فِعْل مَاضِي

خَادِمٌ

فَاعِل — rafʿ

بَابَ

مَفْعُول بِهِ — naṣb

الْبَيْتِ

مُضَاف إِلَيْهِ — jarr

A servant opened the door of the house.

Review: From the Tarkeeb practice: sentence #28 is فَتَحَ خَادِمٌ مَحْمُودٌ بَابَ الْبَيْتِ — note how خَادِمٌ has tanwīn (rafʿ, fāʿil), مَحْمُودٌ is its naʿt (adjective, also rafʿ), بَابَ is manṣūb (mafʿūl), and الْبَيْتِ is majrūr (muḍāf ilayh).

Exercises

Q1. The fāʿil (subject/doer of a verb) is always in which state?

Q2. In ذَبَحْتُمُ الدَّجَاجَةَ, the word الدَّجَاجَةَ is:

Q3. In كَتَبَ الطَّالِبُ الدَّرْسَ, the word الدَّرْسَ is:

Q4. In جَاءَ الرَّجُلُ, the word الرَّجُلُ is:

Q5. In سَلَّمْتُ عَلَى الْمُعَلِّمِ, the word الْمُعَلِّمِ is:

Q6. In فِي الْبَيْتِ رَجُلٌ, the word الْبَيْتِ is:

Q7. In إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ, the word اللَّهَ is:

Q8. In كَانَ الطَّقْسُ جَمِيلًا, the word جَمِيلًا is:

Q9. In كِتَابُ الطَّالِبِ, the word الطَّالِبِ is:

Chapter 3 · Section 3.1

Maʿrifa & Nakira

اَلْمَعْرِفَة وَالنَّكِرَة

The Definiteness Distinction

A Nakira (indefinite noun) refers to a non-specific, unidentified entity. A Maʿrifa (definite noun) refers to a specific, known entity. This distinction affects agreement, sentence structure, and iʿrāb in some contexts.

نَكِرَة

Nakira — Indefinite

رَجُلٌ (a man), كِتَابٌ (a book). Takes tanwīn.

مَعْرِفَة

Maʿrifa — Definite

اَلرَّجُلُ (the man), اَلْكِتَابُ (the book). No tanwīn.

Types of Maʿrifa (in Order of Specificity)

Type	Arabic	Example	Notes
Proper Noun	عَلَم	زَيْد، مَكَّة	Inherently definite
Pronoun	ضَمِير	هُوَ، أَنَا	Always definite — refers to specific persons
Definite Article	مُعَرَّف بِأَل	اَلرَّجُل	Made definite by اَل
Demonstrative	اِسْم إِشَارَة	هَذَا، تِلْكَ	Points to something specific
Relative Pronoun	اِسْم مَوْصُول	اَلَّذِي، اَلَّتِي	Made definite by the relative clause
Muḍāf to a Maʿrifa	مُضَاف إِلَى مَعْرِفَة	كِتَابُ زَيْدٍ	Becomes definite through the possessive link

Grammar Rule: The Mubtadaʾ is generally maʿrifa. A nakira mubtadaʾ is only allowed in special contexts (e.g. after a negative, or when it is described: رَجُلٌ كَرِيمٌ عِنْدَنَا).

Exercises

Q1. Which of the following is a Maʿrifa?

Q2. In كِتَابُ الطَّالِبِ, the word كِتَابُ is considered:

Q3. Which of the following is a Maʿrifa because it is a pronoun (ḍamīr)?

Q4. Which of the following is a Maʿrifa because it has اَل؟

Q5. Which of the following is a Maʿrifa because it is a proper noun (ʿalam)?

Q6. Which of the following is a Maʿrifa because it is an ism ishārah (demonstrative noun)?

Q7. Which of the following is a Maʿrifa because it is an ism mawṣūl (relative pronoun)?

Q8. In رَسُولُ اللَّهِ, the word رَسُولُ is considered:

Q9. Which of the following is Nakira?

Chapter 3 · Section 3.2

Gender — Mudhakkar & Muʾannath

اَلْمُذَكَّر وَالْمُؤَنَّث

The Two Genders

Arabic has two grammatical genders: Mudhakkar (masculine) and Muʾannath (feminine). Gender affects agreement between nouns, adjectives, verbs, and pronouns.

مُذَكَّر

Masculine

رَجُل (man), قَلَم (pen), بَاب (door)

مُؤَنَّث

Feminine

اِمْرَأَة (woman), شَمْس (sun), يَد (hand)

Signs of Feminine

Sign	Arabic	Examples
Tāʾ Marbūṭah	تَاء مَرْبُوطَة (ة)	مَدْرَسَة، طَالِبَة، مُعَلِّمَة
Alif Maqṣūrah	أَلِف مَقْصُورَة (ى)	حُبْلَى، كُبْرَى، دُنْيَا
Alif Mamdūdah	أَلِف مَمْدُودَة (اء)	حَمْرَاء، صَحْرَاء، بَيْضَاء
Semantic femininity	التَّأْنِيث الْمَعْنَوِيّ	أُمّ، أُخْت، شَمْس، أَرْض

Semantic Femininity: Some words are feminine without any sign — they are feminine by convention (samāʿ). These include: words for women (أُمّ، بِنْت), paired body parts (يَد، عَيْن، رِجْل), and certain geographical/natural nouns (شَمْس، أَرْض، نَار).

Agreement Rules

A verb, adjective, or pronoun must agree with its noun in gender: ذَهَبَتِ الطَّالِبَةُ (The female student went) — the verb takes tāʾ for feminine. اَلْكِلَابُ الْحَارِسَةُ جَالِسَةٌ — The guard dogs are sitting (feminine plural, non-rational = f. agreement).

Exercises

Q1. Which of these is feminine without a visible feminine marker?

Q2. For non-rational (inanimate) plurals, Arabic grammar treats them as:

Q1. Which of the following is Muʾannath (feminine)?

Q2. Which of the following is Mudhakkar (masculine)?

Q3. Which sign commonly indicates that a noun is Muʾannath?

Q4. The word مُسْلِمَةٌ is:

Q5. Which demonstrative pronoun is used with a masculine singular noun?

Q6. Which demonstrative pronoun is used with a feminine singular noun?

Q7. In هٰذَا كِتَابٌ, the noun كِتَابٌ is:

Q8. In هٰذِهِ شَجَرَةٌ, the noun شَجَرَةٌ is:

Chapter 3 · Section 3.3

Number — Singular, Dual & Plural

الْمُفْرَد وَالتَّثْنِيَة وَالْجَمْع

Three Numbers in Arabic

Arabic uniquely distinguishes three numbers: singular (one), dual (exactly two), and plural (three or more).

Number	Arabic	How Formed	Rafʿ	Naṣb/Jarr
Singular	مُفْرَد	Base form	رَجُلٌ	رَجُلًا / رَجُلٍ
Dual	تَثْنِيَة	Add ـَانِ (rafʿ) or ـَيْنِ (naṣb/jarr)	رَجُلَانِ	رَجُلَيْنِ
Sound M. Plural	جَمْع مُذَكَّر سَالِم	Add ـُونَ (rafʿ) or ـِينَ (naṣb/jarr)	رِجَالٌ / مُسْلِمُونَ	مُسْلِمِينَ
Sound F. Plural	جَمْع مُؤَنَّث سَالِم	Add ـَات; kasrah for naṣb (irregular)	مُسْلِمَاتٌ	مُسْلِمَاتٍ
Broken Plural	جَمْع تَكْسِير	Internal pattern change	رِجَالٌ، كُتُبٌ	رِجَالًا، كُتُبًا

Irregular Naṣb of Sound F. Plural: The sound feminine plural has kasrah for both naṣb and jarr. E.g. رَأَيْتُ مُسْلِمَاتٍ (I saw Muslim women — naṣb but kasrah, not fatḥah).

Broken Plural Patterns (Examples)

Singular	Plural	Pattern
كِتَاب	كُتُب	فُعُل
رَجُل	رِجَال	فِعَال
مَسْجِد	مَسَاجِد	مَفَاعِل (ghayr munsarif)
طَالِب	طُلَّاب / طَلَبَة	فُعَّال / فَعَلَة

Exercises

Q1. The sound masculine plural in rafʿ ends with:

Q2. In يَسْمَعُونَ كَلَامَ اللهِ, the word يَسْمَعُونَ has which suffix?

Q1. What is the plural of مُسْلِمٌ?

Q2. What is the dual of رَجُلٌ?

Q3. Which of the following is a broken plural (جَمْعُ تَكْسِير)?

Q4. The word مُسْلِمَاتٌ is:

Q5. What is the singular of كُتُبٌ?

Q6. Which ending usually indicates a sound masculine plural in the rafʿ case?

Q7. Which of the following is a singular noun?

Q8. The word مَسَاجِدُ is:

Chapter 3 · Section 3.4

Subject & Predicate — Detailed Iʿrāb

اَلْمُبْتَدَأ وَالْخَبَر

The Jumlah Ismiyyah

A nominal sentence consists of a Mubtadaʾ (مُبْتَدَأ — the subject/topic) and a Khabar (خَبَر — the predicate/comment). Both are marfūʿ (nominative). The mubtadaʾ is generally a maʿrifa.

Types of Khabar

Type	Arabic	Example	Translation
Single word (mufrad)	خَبَر مُفْرَد	اَللهُ عَزِيزٌ	Allāh is the All-Mighty.
Prepositional phrase (jār wa-majrūr)	جَار وَمَجْرُور	زَيْدٌ فِي الْبَيْتِ	Zayd is in the house.
Adverb (ẓarf)	خَبَر ظَرْف	اَلْمَالُ عِنْدَ زَيْدٍ	The wealth is with Zayd.
Verbal sentence (jumlah fiʿliyyah)	خَبَر جُمْلَة	اَللهُ يُحِبُّ الْمُحْسِنِينَ	Allāh loves the doers of good.

اَلْفَوْزُ الْعَظِيمُ

اَلْفَوْزُ

مُبْتَدَأ — marfūʿ

اَلْعَظِيمُ

خَبَر مُفْرَد — marfūʿ

The great success. (or: Success — which is the greatest.)

Rule: When the khabar is a jumlah (sentence), it must contain a returning pronoun (rābiṭ) linking it back to the mubtadaʾ. E.g. in اَللهُ يُحِبُّ الْمُحْسِنِينَ, the hidden "He" in يُحِبُّ is the rābiṭ referring to اَللهُ.

Exercises

Q1. Both the Mubtadaʾ and Khabar are in which grammatical state?

Q2. In اَللهُ يُحِبُّ الْمُحْسِنِينَ, the khabar is which type?

§ 4.1

The ʿĀmil — Governing Word اَلْعَامِلُ

What Is an ʿĀmil?

An ʿĀmil (عَامِل) is any word or particle that causes a change in the iʿrāb (ending) of the word after it. Arabic grammar revolves around the relationship between governing words and the words they govern (مَعْمُول).

Every iʿrāb state (rafʿ, naṣb, jarr, jazm) has specific ʿawāmil that produce it:

Iʿrāb State	Produced By	Applies To
Rafʿ رَفْع	Ibtidāʾ (subject position), fiʿl agreement	Ism only
Naṣb نَصْب	Fiʿl (transitive), inna & sisters, kāna & sisters, particles of naṣb	Ism & fiʿl muḍāriʿ
Jarr جَرّ	Ḥurūf al-jarr, iḍāfah (muḍāf structure)	Ism only
Jazm جَزْم	Particles of jazm, conditional structure	Fiʿl muḍāriʿ only

Two Main Categories of ʿĀmil

Lafẓī لَفْظِي

An actual word present in the sentence — e.g. a preposition, a verb, a particle like إِنَّ

Maʿnawī مَعْنَوِي

An abstract factor — e.g. the mere position of mubtadaʾ gives it rafʿ without any particle

Analysis Example

إِنَّ زَيْدًا عَالِمٌ

إِنَّʿĀmil — naṣb particle (from inna's sisters)

زَيْدًاMaʿmūl — ismu inna, in naṣb because of إِنَّ

عَالِمٌKhabaru inna, remains in rafʿ

Exercise

Q1. Which iʿrāb state is produced ONLY for fiʿl muḍāriʿ?

Q2. The mubtadaʾ is in rafʿ due to which kind of ʿāmil?

§ 4.2

Particles of Naṣb نَوَاصِبُ الْمُضَارِعِ

The fiʿl muḍāriʿ is originally in rafʿ. Four particles place it into naṣb, changing its ending from ḍammah → fatḥah (or dropping the nūn in the five verbs).

Particle	Name	Meaning / Use	Example
أَنْ	An	"to / that" — introduces infinitive-like clause	أُرِيدُ أَنْ أَذْهَبَ (I want to go)
لَنْ	Lan	"will never / shall not" — emphatic negation of future	لَنْ أَكْذِبَ (I will never lie)
كَيْ	Kay	"so that / in order to" — purpose	جِئْتُ كَيْ أَتَعَلَّمَ (I came in order to learn)
إِذَنْ	Idhan	"in that case / then" — response particle	إِذَنْ أَنْجَحَ (In that case I will succeed)

    The Five Verbs (الْأَفْعَالُ الْخَمْسَة): When a naṣb particle precedes one of the five forms (يَفْعَلَانِ، تَفْعَلَانِ، يَفْعَلُونَ، تَفْعَلُونَ، تَفْعَلِينَ), the nūn at the end is dropped to show naṣb. E.g. أَنْ يَذْهَبُوا → أَنْ يَذْهَبُوا (nūn deleted).
  

Analysis: اَللهُ يَأْمُرُكُمْ أَنْ تَذْبَحُوا بَقَرَةً

يَأْمُرُكُمْFiʿl muḍāriʿ marfūʿ — main verb

أَنْḤarf naṣb — puts next verb into naṣb

تَذْبَحُواFiʿl muḍāriʿ manṣūb — nūn dropped (was تَذْبَحُونَ)

Exercise

Q1. Which particle expresses emphatic negation of the future?

Q2. How does naṣb show in the Five Verbs?

§ 4.2.1

Active, Passive & Intransitive Fiʿl مَعْلُوم — مَجْهُول — لَازِم

Arabic verbs are classified by whether they express the doer (fāʿil) explicitly or conceal it, and whether they take an object at all.

Type	Arabic	Definition	Example	Translation
Active (Maʿlūm)	فِعْل مَعْلُوم	Doer (fāʿil) is known and mentioned	كَتَبَ زَيْدٌ الدَّرْسَ	Zayd wrote the lesson
Passive (Majhūl)	فِعْل مَجْهُول	Doer is hidden; object promoted to nāʾib fāʿil	كُتِبَ الدَّرْسُ	The lesson was written
Intransitive (Lāzim)	فِعْل لَازِم	Cannot take an object; action stays with the doer	جَلَسَ زَيْدٌ	Zayd sat

Passive Voice Formation Rules

Māḍī (past): First letter gets ḍammah, second-to-last gets kasrah → كَتَبَ → كُتِبَ

Muḍāriʿ (present): First letter gets ḍammah, second-to-last gets fatḥah → يَكْتُبُ → يُكْتَبُ

The promoted subject is called Nāʾib al-Fāʿil (نَائِبُ الْفَاعِلِ) and remains in rafʿ.

Analysis: يُكْسَرُ الْجِدَارُ

يُكْسَرُFiʿl muḍāriʿ majhūl — passive present (was يَكْسِرُ)

الْجِدَارُNāʾib al-fāʿil — marfūʿ (ḍammah) — promoted object

Exercise

Convert to passive: فَتَحَ الطَّالِبُ الْبَابَ

§ 4.2.5

Transitive Fiʿl & Afʿāl al-Qulūb الْمُتَعَدِّي وَأَفْعَالُ الْقُلُوبِ

Transitive Fiʿl (Mutaʿaddī)

A Mutaʿaddī verb is one that takes a direct object (mafʿūl bih) in naṣb. The action crosses from the doer to something else.

Examples: كَتَبَ (wrote)، أَكَلَ (ate)، فَتَحَ (opened)، ضَرَبَ (struck)

Afʿāl al-Qulūb — Verbs of the Heart أَفْعَالُ الْقُلُوبِ

These are a special subgroup of transitive verbs that govern two mafʿūls (both in naṣb). They express inner states — belief, knowledge, thinking, perception.

Verb	Meaning	Example
ظَنَّ	to think / suppose	ظَنَنْتُ زَيْدًا عَالِمًا — I thought Zayd was a scholar
حَسِبَ	to reckon / consider	حَسِبْتُهُ صَادِقًا — I considered him truthful
خَالَ	to imagine / fancy	خِلْتُ الْأَمْرَ سَهْلًا — I imagined the matter easy
عَلِمَ	to know (with certainty)	عَلِمْتُ زَيْدًا قَائِمًا — I knew Zayd was standing
وَجَدَ	to find	وَجَدْتُ الْبَابَ مَفْتُوحًا — I found the door open
رَأَى	to see / perceive	رَأَيْتُ الطَّالِبَ مُجْتَهِدًا — I saw the student hardworking

    Key Rule: With Afʿāl al-Qulūb, the original mubtadaʾ becomes مَفْعُول أَوَّل (first mafʿūl) and the original khabar becomes مَفْعُول ثَانٍ (second mafʿūl) — both in naṣb.
  

Analysis: ظَنَنْتُ زَيْدًا عَالِمًا

ظَنَنْتُFiʿl māḍī — verb of the heart (fiʿl qalb)

زَيْدًاMafʿūl awwal — naṣb (fatḥah) — was originally mubtadaʾ

عَالِمًاMafʿūl thānī — naṣb (fatḥah) — was originally khabar

Exercise

How many mafʿūls do Afʿāl al-Qulūb take?

§ 4.2.6

Muqārabah, Rajāʾ & Shurūʿ Verbs أَفْعَالُ الْمُقَارَبَةِ وَالرَّجَاءِ وَالشُّرُوعِ

These three groups of verbs behave like kāna's sisters — they take an ismu-hā (in rafʿ) and a khabaru-hā (in naṣb). However, their khabar is always a fiʿl muḍāriʿ preceded by أَنْ (explicit or implied).

Group	Meaning	Key Verbs	Example
Muqārabah مُقَارَبَة	Nearness / imminence — "about to"	كَادَ، كَرَبَ، أَوْشَكَ	كَادَ زَيْدٌ يَقُومُ — Zayd was about to stand
Rajāʾ رَجَاء	Hope / expectation	عَسَى، حَرَى، اِخْلَوْلَقَ	عَسَى اللهُ أَنْ يَغْفِرَ — Perhaps Allah will forgive
Shurūʿ شُرُوع	Beginning / commencement — "began to"	شَرَعَ، أَخَذَ، جَعَلَ، طَفِقَ، أَنْشَأَ، عَلِقَ، هَبَّ، قَامَ، بَدَأَ	أَخَذَ الطِّفْلُ يَبْكِي — The child began to cry

    Important distinction:
    With كَادَ and Muqārabah: أَنْ is not used (or rarely) — كَادَ يَقُومُ
With عَسَى and Rajāʾ: أَنْ is commonly used — عَسَى أَنْ يَقُومَ
With Shurūʿ verbs: أَنْ is not used — شَرَعَ يَكْتُبُ

  

Analysis: عَسَى اللهُ أَنْ يَتُوبَ عَلَيْهِمْ

عَسَىFiʿl rajāʾ — acts like kāna

اللهُIsmu-hā — marfūʿ (ḍammah)

أَنْ يَتُوبَKhabaru-hā — fiʿl muḍāriʿ manṣūb after أَنْ — in naṣb

Exercise

Which group means "began to" + fiʿl muḍāriʿ?

§ 4.2.7

Praise, Blame & Wonder اَلْمَدْحُ وَالذَّمُّ وَالتَّعَجُّبُ

Verbs of Praise & Blame (Madḥ & Dhamm)

Two frozen verbs — نِعْمَ (how excellent!) and بِئْسَ (how wretched!) — express superlative praise or blame. They are followed by a subject in rafʿ and a المخصوص (the person/thing being praised or blamed).

Verb	Meaning	Example	Translation
نِعْمَ	How excellent! / What a good…!	نِعْمَ الرَّجُلُ زَيْدٌ	What an excellent man Zayd is!
بِئْسَ	How wretched! / What a bad…!	بِئْسَ الْعَمَلُ الْكَذِبُ	What a wretched deed lying is!

Verbs of Wonder (Taʿajjub)

Arabic has two standard patterns to express admiration or astonishment:

Pattern	Formula	Example	Translation
Pattern 1	مَا أَفْعَلَهُ	مَا أَحْسَنَ زَيْدًا	How beautiful Zayd is!
Pattern 2	أَفْعِلْ بِهِ	أَحْسِنْ بِزَيْدٍ	How beautiful is Zayd!

    Grammar of Pattern 1: مَا is a taʿajjubiyyah (wonder) particle. أَحْسَنَ is a fiʿl māḍī. The noun after it is a mafʿūl bih in naṣb.

    Grammar of Pattern 2: أَحْسِنْ appears as a command form but is not actually a command here. The بِ is a zāʾidah (extra) particle; the noun is technically a fāʿil.

Exercise

Which of these correctly expresses wonder using Pattern 1?

§ 4.3

Particles of Jazm جَوَازِمُ الْمُضَارِعِ

Jazm only applies to the fiʿl muḍāriʿ. Its sign is sukūn (or deletion of the final nūn in the Five Verbs, or deletion of the weak letter in defective verbs).

Jazm particles fall into two groups based on how many verbs they govern:

Particle	Governs	Meaning	Example
لَمْ	1 verb	did not (negates māḍī meaning)	لَمْ يَذْهَبْ — he did not go
لَمَّا	1 verb	not yet	لَمَّا يَقُمْ — he has not yet stood
لَامُ الْأَمْر	1 verb	let…! / command via lām	لِيَقُمْ زَيْدٌ — let Zayd stand!
لَا النَّاهِيَة	1 verb	do not! (prohibition)	لَا تَكْذِبْ — do not lie!
Conditional particles — govern TWO verbs (condition + response)
إِنْ	2 verbs	if	إِنْ تَقُمْ أَقُمْ — if you stand, I will stand
مَنْ	2 verbs	whoever	مَنْ يَعْمَلْ خَيْرًا يَرَهُ — whoever does good will see it
مَا	2 verbs	whatever	مَا تَفْعَلْ يُكْتَبْ — whatever you do will be written
مَهْمَا	2 verbs	whatever (emphatic)	مَهْمَا تَأْتِ بِهِ — whatever you bring

Analysis: لَا تَحْزَنْ عَلَيْهِمْ

لَاLā nāhiyah — particle of jazm (prohibition)

تَحْزَنْFiʿl muḍāriʿ majzūm — sukūn on nūn

عَلَيْهِمْJār wa-majrūr — connected to the verb

Exercise

Which particle negates a past action (turns present into "did not…")?

§ 4.3.1

Conditional Isms أَسْمَاءُ الشَّرْطِ

Conditional isms are noun-like words that introduce a conditional structure. They are indeclinable (mabnī) but govern two verbs in jazm: the condition verb (فِعْلُ الشَّرْطِ) and the response verb (جَوَابُ الشَّرْطِ).

Conditional Ism	Meaning	Example
مَنْ	whoever (for rational beings)	مَنْ يَعْمَلْ سُوءًا يُجْزَ بِهِ — whoever does evil will be recompensed for it
مَا	whatever (for non-rational things)	مَا تَفْعَلُوا مِنْ خَيْرٍ يَعْلَمْهُ اللهُ — whatever good you do, Allah knows it
أَيُّ	whichever / whichever of	أَيُّمَا تَدْعُوا فَلَهُ الْأَسْمَاءُ الْحُسْنَى
أَيْنَ	wherever (place)	أَيْنَمَا تَكُونُوا يُدْرِكُكُمُ الْمَوْتُ — wherever you are, death will reach you
مَتَى	whenever (time)	مَتَى تَسْأَلْهُ يُعْطِكَ — whenever you ask Him, He will give you
كَيْفَمَا	however / in whatever manner	كَيْفَمَا تَكُونُوا يُوَلَّ عَلَيْكُمْ

    Structure: Conditional Ism + Verb 1 (majzūm — the condition) + Verb 2 (majzūm — the response)

    مَنْ يَصْبِرْ يَنْجَحْ — whoever is patient will succeed

    Both يَصْبِرْ and يَنْجَحْ carry sukūn.

Exercise

In مَنْ يَقُمْ أَقُمْ, how many verbs are in jazm?

§ 4.3.2

Ism al-Fāʿil & Ṣīghat Mubālaghah اِسْمُ الْفَاعِلِ وَصِيغَةُ الْمُبَالَغَةِ

Ism al-Fāʿil — Active Participle

Ism al-Fāʿil expresses the doer of an action as a descriptive noun. It can describe, act as a noun, and even govern a mafʿūl bih in naṣb when it carries present/future meaning.

Pattern: From 3-letter roots → فَاعِل

Root	Meaning	Ism al-Fāʿil	Translation
كَتَبَ	to write	كَاتِب	writer / one who writes
عَلِمَ	to know	عَالِم	scholar / knower
صَبَرَ	to be patient	صَابِر	one who is patient
ضَرَبَ	to strike	ضَارِب	one who strikes

Ṣīghat Mubālaghah — Intensive Form

These are intensified versions of ism al-fāʿil — they convey habitual, excessive, or extreme performance of the action.

Pattern	Meaning	Example	Translation
فَعَّال	One who does frequently	كَذَّاب	habitual liar
فَعُول	One intensely engaged	صَبُور	very patient / enduring
فَعِيل	Intense quality	رَحِيم	very merciful
فَعِل	Intense state	حَذِر	very cautious
مِفْعَال	One greatly inclined to action	مِعْطَاء	very generous (great giver)

Exercise

Which pattern does رَحِيم follow?

§ 4.3.3

Ism al-Mafʿūl & Ṣifah Mushabbahah اِسْمُ الْمَفْعُولِ وَالصِّفَةُ الْمُشَبَّهَةُ

Ism al-Mafʿūl — Passive Participle

Ism al-Mafʿūl expresses the object of an action — "the one acted upon." It is derived from transitive verbs only.

Pattern (3-letter root): مَفْعُول

Root	Meaning	Ism al-Mafʿūl	Translation
كَتَبَ	to write	مَكْتُوب	written / that which is written
فَتَحَ	to open	مَفْتُوح	opened
عَلِمَ	to know	مَعْلُوم	known
ضَرَبَ	to strike	مَضْرُوب	struck / beaten

Ṣifah Mushabbahah — Resemblant Adjective

Unlike ism al-fāʿil (which describes a temporary action), Ṣifah Mushabbahah describes a permanent or stable quality — a trait embedded in the person. It is derived from intransitive verbs only.

Pattern	Example	Translation
فَعِل	حَسَنٌ ← حَسِنَ	beautiful / having beauty (stable trait)
فَعْلَان	عَطْشَان	thirsty (inherent state)
أَفْعَل (color/defect)	أَحْمَر، أَعْمَى	red; blind
فَعْل	صَعْب، سَهْل	difficult; easy

    Key distinction:

    ضَارِب (fāʿil) = one who is [currently] striking — temporary

    شُجَاع (ṣifah mushabbahah) = brave — a permanent character trait

Exercise

Which pattern does ism al-mafʿūl follow (for 3-letter roots)?

§ 4.3.5

Ism al-Tafḍīl — Comparative & Superlative اِسْمُ التَّفْضِيلِ

Ism al-Tafḍīl expresses that something surpasses others in a quality — equivalent to "-er" (comparative) or "-est" (superlative) in English. All forms follow the pattern أَفْعَل.

Base Adjective	Meaning	Ism al-Tafḍīl	Translation
كَبِير	big	أَكْبَر	bigger / biggest
صَغِير	small	أَصْغَر	smaller / smallest
حَسَن	good/beautiful	أَحْسَن	better / best
كَثِير	many/much	أَكْثَر	more / most
عَظِيم	great	أَعْظَم	greater / greatest

How Ism al-Tafḍīl is Used

Usage	Structure	Example	Translation
Comparative with مِنْ	أَفْعَل + مِنْ	زَيْدٌ أَكْبَرُ مِنْ عَمْرٍو	Zayd is bigger than Amr
Superlative with definite article	اَلْ + أَفْعَل	هُوَ الْأَكْبَرُ	He is the biggest
Superlative with iḍāfah	أَفْعَل + مُضَاف إِلَيْهِ	أَكْبَرُ الطُّلَّابِ	The biggest of the students

    Gender & Number: When used indefinitely with مِنْ, ism al-tafḍīl stays on the أَفْعَل pattern (no gender agreement). When definite, it agrees: الْأَكْبَر / الْكُبْرَى (m/f).
  

Exercise

What is the Ism al-Tafḍīl of قَرِيب (near)?

§ 4.3.6

Maṣdar, Muḍāf Structures, Ism Tāmm & Kināyāt الْمَصْدَرُ — الْمُضَافُ — اِسْمٌ تَامٌّ — كِنَايَات

Maṣdar — Verbal Noun الْمَصْدَر

The Maṣdar is the verbal noun — the abstract action itself. It is the source (aṣl) from which the verb and other derivatives are considered to be derived.

Verb	Maṣdar	Translation
كَتَبَ	كِتَابَة / كَتْب	writing
ذَهَبَ	ذَهَاب	going / departure
فَهِمَ	فَهْم	understanding
اِجْتَهَدَ	اِجْتِهَاد	striving / effort

The Maṣdar can function as: (1) a subject/predicate, (2) a mafʿūl muṭlaq (absolute object), (3) a mafʿūl bih, or (4) a muḍāf.

Muḍāf & Muḍāf Ilayhi — Construct State الْمُضَافُ وَالْمُضَافُ إِلَيْهِ

When two nouns are joined in an iḍāfah (construct), the first (muḍāf) loses tanwīn and definite article, and the second (muḍāf ilayhi) takes jarr.

Examples: كِتَابُ الطَّالِبِ (the student's book), بَيْتُ اللهِ (the House of Allah), بَابُ الْمَدِينَةِ (the gate of the city)

Ism Tāmm — Complete / Non-Deficient Ism اِسْم تَامّ

An Ism Tāmm is complete in itself — it does not need a complement to complete its meaning, unlike ism nāqiṣ (deficient ism like ضَمِير). All regular nouns are tāmm.

Kināyāt — Pronouns of Quantity/Distance كِنَايَات

These are special words that stand in for an unknown or unspecified quantity or entity:

Word	Meaning	Example
كَمْ	how many / how much (interrogative)	كَمْ طَالِبًا؟ — how many students?
كَمْ (declarative)	many a… / how many (exclamatory)	كَمْ طَالِبٍ نَجَحَ — many a student passed
كَذَا	so-and-so (number)	used for unspecified numbers

Exercise

In an iḍāfah, which case does the muḍāf ilayhi take?

§ 5.1

Tarkeeb Practice — Set 1 تَرْكِيب — الْمَجْمُوعَةُ الْأُولَى

For each sentence below: (1) identify every word's grammatical role, (2) determine its iʿrāb state and sign, and (3) translate the full sentence. Labels must be in Arabic. Click "Show Analysis" to reveal the model answer.

جَعَلَ اللهُ الْكَعْبَةَ

Allah made the Kaʿbah [a sacred place/house]

فَهُوَ فِي عِيشَةٍ رَاضِيَةٍ

And he is in a pleasing life

وَاذْكُرْ فِي الْكِتَابِ مَرْيَمَ

And mention in the Book, Maryam

خَلَقَنِي

He created me

اَلْفَوْزُ الْعَظِيمُ

The great success / the great victory

اَللهُ عَزِيزٌ

Allah is the Most Mighty

اِضْرِبْ

Strike! / Hit!

سَوْفَ يَخْرُجُ

He will soon go out

أَكَلَتْ

She ate

١٠

فَهِمْتُمُ الدَّرْسَ

You (pl.) understood the lesson

١١

اَلْكِلَابُ الْحَارِسَةُ جَالِسَةٌ

The guard dogs are sitting

١٢

اَلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ

All praise belongs to Allah

١٣

مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُنْذُ أُسْبُوعٍ

I have not seen him since a week

١٤

سَافَرْتُ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ

I traveled to Madinah

١٥

مَرَرْتُ بِهَذَا

I passed by this

١٦

رَجَعْتُ مِنَ السَّفَرِ

I returned from the journey

١٧

جَاءَ النَّاسُ حَاشَا زَيْدٍ

The people came except Zayd

١٨

زَيْدٌ فِي الْبَيْتِ

Zayd is in the house

١٩

سَأَلَ الطَّبِيبُ عَنِ الْمَرِيضِ

The doctor asked about the patient

٢٠

اَلثَّوْبُ عَلَى الْكُرْسِيِّ

The garment is on the chair

§ 5.2

Tarkeeb Practice — Set 2 تَرْكِيب — الْمَجْمُوعَةُ الثَّانِيَة

Continue the parsing practice. Apply everything learned. Remember: all labels must be in Arabic. Work through each sentence independently before revealing the analysis.

٢١

مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُذْ أَرْبَعَةِ أَيَّامٍ

I have not seen him for four days

٢٢

نِمْتُ حَتَّى الصُّبْحِ

I slept until the morning

٢٣

اَللهُ يُحِبُّ الْمُحْسِنِينَ

Allah loves the doers of good

٢٤

هَؤُلَاءِ النِّسَاءُ

These are the women

٢٥

كِتَابُكَ هَذَا

This book of yours

٢٦

هَذَا ابْنُ الْمَلِكِ

This is the son of the king

٢٧

اَلْمَالُ عِنْدَ زَيْدٍ

The wealth is with Zayd

٢٨

فَتَحَ خَادِمٌ مَحْمُودٌ بَابَ الْبَيْتِ

A servant named Mahmūd opened the door of the house

٢٩

ذَبَحْتُمُ الدَّجَاجَةَ وَطَبَخْتُمُ اللَّحْمَ

You slaughtered the chicken and cooked the meat

٣٠

يُكْسَرُ الْجِدَارُ

The wall is being broken

٣١

يَسْمَعُونَ كَلَامَ اللهِ

They hear the speech of Allah

٣٢

اَللهُ يَأْمُرُكُمْ أَنْ تَذْبَحُوا بَقَرَةً

Allah commands you to slaughter a cow

٣٣

ذَكَرُوا نِعْمَةَ اللهِ وَمَا كَفَرُوا

They remembered Allah's blessing and did not disbelieve

٣٤

لَا تَحْزَنْ عَلَيْهِمْ

Do not grieve over them

٣٥

اِذْهَبُوا مَعَ صَدِيقِكُمْ إِلَى الْفُنْدُقِ وَاشْرَبُوا اللَّبَنَ مَعَهُ

Go with your friend to the hotel and drink the milk with him

٣٦

اِفْتَحُوا بَابَ الْبَيْتِ وَاذْهَبُوا إِلَى مُدِيرِ الْجَرِيدَةِ

Open the door of the house and go to the editor of the newspaper

٣٧

ذَهَبَ رَجُلَانِ إِلَى السُّوقِ

Two men went to the market

٣٨

خَطَبَ الْعَالِمُونَ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ

The scholars delivered the sermon in the mosque

٣٩

لِلظَّالِمِينَ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ

For the wrongdoers is a painful punishment

٤٠

اَللهُ مَعَ الصَّابِرِينَ

Allah is with the patient ones

٤١

شَخْصٌ كَالْجَمَلِ

A person [who is] like a camel